What is meant by "Property dualism"?

Property dualism refers to the philosophical position that while there is only one kind of substance (the physical), there are two distinct types of properties: physical properties and mental properties. This means that mental states, such as thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, are seen as properties that emerge from physical substances, typically the brain and nervous system, but are not themselves physical.

This perspective maintains that although everything arises from a physical substrate, mental experiences cannot be fully explained solely in terms of physical processes. For instance, the experience of pain is a mental state that relates to physical processes in the body, such as neural activities, yet it is distinguishable from those physical processes.

The other choices do not accurately represent property dualism; for instance, the belief in multiple minds suggests a more complicated view of consciousness than what property dualism posits. The notion that only material substances exist aligns more with materialism, which denies the significance of mental properties altogether. Finally, advocating for the unity of mind and matter leans towards philosophical positions like monism rather than acknowledging the distinct nature of mental and physical properties as property dualism does.